Usage examples (6)

• The lack of reciprocal tariff cuts by beneficiary countries will allow them to maintain protectionist and import-substituting trade policies.
• Rather than exporting commodities and importing finished goods, these countries would move as rapidly as possible toward what was called “import-substituting” industrialization...
• The other side of growing exports is to encourage import-substituting enterprises that keep resources in the region.
• Mangled terms like "import-substituting industrialization" and "competitive authoritarianism" litter the typical textbook.